Multi Protocol Label Switching: Quality of Service, Traffic Engineering application, and Virtual Private Network application

This thesis discusses the QoS feature, Traffic Engineering (TE) application, and Virtual Private Network (VPN) application of the Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) protocol. This thesis concentrates on comparing MPLS with other prominent technologies such as Internet Protocol (IP), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Frame Relay (FR). MPLS combines the flexibility of Internet Protocol (IP) with the connection oriented approach of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Frame Relay (FR). Section 1 lists several advantages MPLS brings over other technologies. Section 2 covers architecture and a brief description of the key components of MPLS. The information provided in Section 2 builds a background to compare MPLS with the other technologies in the rest of the sections. Since it is anticipate that MPLS will be a main core network technology, MPLS is required to work with two currently available QoS architectures: Integrated Service (IntServ) architecture and Differentiated Service (DiffServ) architecture. Even though the MPLS does not introduce a new QoS architecture or enhance the existing QoS architectures, it works seamlessly with both QoS architectures and provides proper QoS support to the customer. Section 3 provides the details of how MPLS supports various functions of the IntServ and DiffServ architectures. TE helps Internet Service Provider (ISP) optimize the use of available resources, minimize the operational costs, and maximize the revenues. MPLS provides efficient TE functions which prove to be superior to IP and ATM/FR. Section 4 discusses how MPLS supports the TE functionality and what makes MPLS superior to other competitive technologies. ATM and FR are still required as a backbone technology in some areas where converting the backbone to IP or MPLS does not make sense or customer demands simply require ATM or FR. In this case, it is important for MPLS to work with ATM and FR. Section 5 highlights the interoperability issues and solutions for MPLS while working in conjunction with ATM and FR. In section 6, various VPN tunnel types are discussed and compared with the MPLS VPN tunnel type. The MPLS VPN tunnel type is concluded as an optimal tunnel approach because it provides security, multiplexing, and the other important features that are reburied by the VPN customer and the ISP. Various MPLS layer 2 and layer 3 VPN solutions are also briefly discussed. In section 7 I conclude with the details of an actual implementation of a layer 3 MPLS VPN solution that works in conjunction with Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

A Carbon Dioxide Comparison of Open Cut and Pipe Bursting

This study focuses on the environmental aspect of the underground utility construction methods namely open-cut and pipe-bursting. The research is aimed at determining the CO2 emission due to the use of construction machinery as well as the excess CO2 emission due to the obstruction to traffic during the construction process. A Gravity sewer project in Bowling Green, OH was used as a case study. Open- cut method was implemented on this project and for the purpose of this research the pipe-bursting method was simulated. A 5100 feet long, 8 inches diameter pipeline was considered at a depth of 10 feet and all the calculations were based on these measurements for both these methods. All the real life data was collected from the construction project and the site & management factors as well as the load factors were applied in order to come up with practical CO2 emission calculations for construction machinery. Various traffic control plans were taken into consideration and pre-established formulas were applied to the traffic data in order to derive the excess CO2 emission for the traffic. The outcome of this study indicated that pipe-bursting results in 68% less CO2 emission due to traffic disruption and 73.4% less CO2 emission due to use of construction machinery as compared to the open-cut method. The total reduced CO2 by implementation of pipe-bursting method was found to be 72.6%. Thus, it was concluded that this drastic reduction in the CO2 emission due to pipe-bursting method was mainly because of lesser excavation, shorter job duration and lesser traffic disruption

Cyberbullying Detection System with Multiple Server Configurations

Due to the proliferation of online networking, friendships and relationships - social communications have reached a whole new level. As a result of this scenario, there is an increasing evidence that social applications are frequently used for bullying. State-of-the-art studies in cyberbullying detection have mainly focused on the content of the conversations while largely ignoring the users involved in cyberbullying. To encounter this problem, we have designed a distributed cyberbullying detection system that will detect bullying messages and drop them before they are sent to the intended receiver. A prototype has been created using the principles of NLP, Machine Learning and Distributed Systems. Preliminary studies conducted with it, indicate a strong promise of our approach

Influence of moving load, structure, temperature gradient, and wheel configuration on load transfer efficiency

An airport pavement consists of one or more paving materials over the natural subgrade. Pavement design involves the interaction of pavement with vehicular loads and climatic conditions. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses a mechanistic design procedure, FAARFIELD, for the design of rigid airport pavements. The FAARFIELD (FAA Rigid and Flexible Iterative Elastic Layer Design) procedure is based on layered elastic and three-dimensional finite element-based structural analysis developed to calculate design thicknesses for airfield pavements. The design procedure assumes constant stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)), of 25% at the joints. Variations in environmental conditions, loading characteristics, type of joint and pavement material properties can affect load transfer efficiency. FAARFIELD does not consider curling stresses in determining the Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) layer thickness. The curling stresses, induced due to the temperature differentials at the top and bottom of the PCC slab can lead to higher combined stresses (loading plus curling) in pavements and can affect the load transfer efficiency at the joint. This study analyzes the effect of pavement layer properties, loading characteristics and temperature curling on stress-based load transfer efficiency. This study is carried out for static loading conditions using FEAFAA (Finite Element Analysis - FAA) program. Results of this research indicate that LTE (S) is insensitive to modulus of PCC and base material. However, LTE (S) increases at negative temperature gradients (temperature at top of PCC surface \u3e temperature at bottom of PCC) and when number of loaded areas (tire footprints) increase. It is observed that LTE (S) is highly sensitive to the joint stiffness including spacing of the dowel bars. The airport pavement design procedure uses finite element models that are developed based on static analysis assuming that the speed of the vehicle is zero. However, most of the time, load transfer takes place under moving vehicles. Recently completed studies have shown that LTE (S) values under moving aircraft loads can be significantly higher than 0.25. This research documents a study of dynamic mechanical responses of rigid pavement at the joint under moving aircraft loads. The MRC (pavement constructed on conventional base) section of CC-2 (Construction Cycle-2) test pavement at the Federal Aviation Administration\u27s (FAA) National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) is modeled using 3D finite element software, ABAQUS. The model is calibrated by determining pavement damping parameters and joint stiffness values using heavy weight deflectometer (HWD) data and the strain profiles captured from the dynamic sensors installed within the pavement at various locations. The effect of moving aircraft at varying speeds on tensile strains at the bottom of PCC at the joint (epsilon-critical) and dynamic LTE (S) at the joint is studied. Results of this research indicate that epsilon-critical at the joint decreases with increasing speed. The dynamic LTE (S) at the joint is enhanced at higher speeds. Sensitivity of dynamic LTE (S) to pavement damping showed that the dynamic LTE (S) at the joint increases with pavement damping

Evaluation of Spot Color Reproduction by Extended Gamut Printing on a Narrow Web Flexography Press

The FMCG sector (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) is one of the largest industries in the world wherein the brands are reliant on the customer attraction and product sales worldwide. It is important for brands to maintain the quality and color consistency of these products. FMCG labels printed with Spot colors by Flexography process is not cost-effective due to higher job changeover times and wastage. The most effective way of ensuring spot color reproduction is implementing Expanded Color Gamut (ECG) printing by using a fixed set of colors with four process colors namely Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black (CMYK) along with three colors Orange, Green and Violet (OGV). These seven colors provide eye-catching graphics and a larger gamut so as to reproduce maximum number of Pantone® colors. The evaluation of spot color reproduction was carried on a Nilpeter FB-430 Narrow Web Flexo press that included runs viz. Initial, Optimization, Fingerprinting, Characterization and Validation on Polypropylene substrate with UV based inks. The runs were carried as per Idealliance® specifications. The aims and tolerance as per ISO 12647-2 with CRPC 6 GRACoL 2013 for CMYK while ISO 20654 Spot Color Tonal Value (SCTV), Chroma and Hue for OGV were achieved. The customized Characterization Test Chart with 2016 patches for CMYKOGV for profile generation and Verification Test Chart with 799 patches of Pantone® Solid Coated from the Digital Library was created in CGS Oris XGamut. These Test Charts were measured using X-Rite EyeOne iO automated device. The magnitude of color match for Spot Colors by expanded gamut printing was verified on a narrow web flexography press. The gamut analysis between CRPC 6 and CMYKOGV showed that from the geometric region of Pantone® Colors Inside CMYKOGV Gamut and Outside CRPC6 Gamut, 85% of the Pantone colors were reproduced below Delta E 2.5

Impact of Electrostatic Assist on Halftone Mottle in Shrink Films

Gravure printing delivers intricate print quality and exhibit better feasibility for printing long run packaging jobs. PVC and PETG are widely used shrink films printed by gravure process. The variation in ink transfer from gravure cells on to the substrate results in print mottle. The variation is inevitable and requires close monitoring with tight control on process parameters to deliver good dot fidelity. The electrostatic assist in gravure improves the ink transfer efficiency but is greatly influenced by ESA parameters such as air gap (distance between charge bar and impression roller) and voltage. Moreover, it is imperative to study the combined effect of ESA and gravure process parameters such as line screen, viscosity and speed for the minimization of half-tone mottle in shrink films. A general full factorial design was performed for the above mentioned parameters to evaluate half-tone mottle. The significant levels of both the main and interactions were studied by ANOVA approach. The statistical analysis revealed the significance of all the process parameters with viscosity, line screen and voltage being the major contributors in minimization of half-tone mottle. The optimized setting showed reduction in halftone mottle by 33% and 32% for PVC and PET-G respectively. The developed regression model was tested that showed more than 95% predictability. Furthermore, the uniformity of dot was measured by image to non-image area (ratio) distribution. The result showed reduction in halftone mottle with uniform dot distribution

INVESTIGATION OF HALF-TONE MOTTLE IN COATED PAPERS BY VARYING GRAVURE PROCESS PARAMETERS

Half-tone mottle is due to uneven ink transfer and ink penetration, which generates an inhomogeneous image to the human eye, thereby affecting the saleability of the product. Design of Experiments (DOE) was done with gravure process parameters such as line screen, ink viscosity, press speed, ESA (Electrostatic Assist) voltage and the air gap at varying levels to evaluate the effect of these process parameters on half-tone mottle. The Stochastic Frequency Distribution Analysis (SFDA) algorithm was used to measure surface properties of paper and half-tone mottle. The experimental data were analysed through ANOVA, main and interaction plot. The results revealed a reduction in mean halftone mottle by 90.48% and 91.25% for 50 GSM and 65 GSM C1S paper respectively. The regression models were developed and validated by conducting additional runs. The results hence obtained shall help to optimize ink transfer and identify the key process variables minimizing half-tone mottle; thereby enhancing the print quality

Anti Collision Sensor Based Blind Stick

Visually impaired people find difficulties detecting obstacles in front of them, during walking in the street, which makes it dangerous. The smart stick comes as a proposed solution to enable them to identify the world around. In this paper we propose a solution, represented in a smart stick with ultrasonic sensor to detect any other obstacles in front, left and right of the user, within a range of four meters. Moreover, another sensor is placed at the bottom of the stick for the sake of avoiding puddles. The vibration of motor is activated when any obstacle is detected. The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with GPS ampGSM based Navigation/Tracking system. This proposed system uses the microcontroller ATmega 328 embedded system. The stick is capable of detecting all obstacles in the range 4 meter during 39 ms and gives a suitable respect message empowering blind to move twice his normal speed because she/he feels safe. The smart stick is of low cost, fast response, low power consumption, light weight

REAL TIME RAILWAY INDICATOR

Railway is known as the lifeline of the Mumbai. Railway authorities have to work hard to keep this lifeline on track and on time. There are all kind trains schedules, timetable, schedule books of train timing etc. but trains do not run on time due to various reasons or causes. The moto of the project is to display the passenger information display message on the mobile phone application in real time in which data from railway server will be collected and displayed on the mobile application with the help of application programming interface (API) and database. It will also display the important messages and an announcement in the application